Publications of L. Garai in theoretical, social and economic psychology

Main publications of Laszlo Garai
in theoretical, social and economic psychology

Monographs, volumes of essays and studies

1969	Personality dynamics and social existence [In Hungarian: Személyiségdinamika és társadalmi lét]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]; 231 p.
1980	The need for freedom and the aesthetics [In Hungarian: Szabadságszükséglet és esztétikum]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]; 160 p.
1990	Foundation of an economic psychology [In Hungarian: "...kis pénz –> kis foci"? Egy gazdaságpszichológia megalapozása]. Budapest: Edition of the Hungarian Economic Society; 158 p.
1993	A psychosocial essay on identity [In Hungarian: "...elvegyültem és kiváltam": Társadalomlélektani esszé az identitásról]. Budapest: T-Twins; 231 p.
1995	About the path of modernization and the man who migrates on it I-II. [In Hungarian: Quo vadis, tovaris? A modernizáció útjáról és a rajta vándorló emberről, I-II.]. Budapest.: Scientia Humana; 490 p.
1997	General Economic Psychology: A manual [In Hungarian: Általános gazdaságpszichológia: Egyetemi tankönyv]. Szeged: Attila Jozsef University Press, 314 p.
1998a.	The human potential as capital: An approach by the economic psychology [In Hungarian: Emberi potenciál mint tőke: Bevezetés a gazdaságpszichológiába]. Budapest.: "Aula" Economic University Press; 278 p.
b.	Press psychology. (Press Library series; co-author: P. Popper [In Hungarian: Sajtópszichológia]). Budapest.: Edition of the Hungarian Journalist Academy; 158 p.

Theoretical and general psychology (Th)

Social and historical psychology (S)

Economic and political psychology (E)

Monographs (Mo)

Main publications of Laszlo Garai

Theoretical and general psychology. Brain research. (Th)

Monographs

Personality dynamics, Quo vadis II.

Papers

1962a.	Problems of a need for freedom. Psychological Issues, IV [in Hungarian]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]. 9-24. A first draft of the hypothesis on the SHBN.
b.	The psychology of the beauty [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 4. 488-511. About a symbolic satisfaction of the need for freedom (cf. Th62a)
c.	The psychology of the religious alienation [in Hungarian]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle. 19. 213-221. About a fictive satisfaction of the need for freedom (cf. Th62a)
d.	[On the alienation and its historical elimination. Part I. - in Hungarian]. Valóság. 1. 11-25 A psychological meta-theory based on Marx' Ökonomisch-Philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844. Mediating and mediated character of the activity (Tätigkeit) as opposed to its alienation (cont. in Th63a and Th64b).
1963a.	[On the alienation and its historical elimination. Part II. - in Hungarian]. Valóság. 1. 15-25. Part II. of the Th62d. Mediating and mediated character of the society (Gesellschaft) as opposed to its alienation (cont. in Th64b).
b.	On the affective relations in man [in Hungarian]. Psychological Issues, V. Budapest.: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]. 11-30. Th62a applied to the universe of affections
1964a	The developing trend of sciences and the perspectives of the psychology [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 4. 701-717. The psychology is that among the natural sciences studying the most complex object: that part of the nature reflecting and coordinating its totality. In accordance with it the psychology developed its theory based on empirical data and establishing a practical application of this science later than such an issue took place in other sciences. A twin article: Personality and society.
b.	[On the alienation and its historical elimination. Part III. - in Hungarian]. Valóság. 3. 1-10. Part III. of the Th62d and Th63a. Mediating and mediated character of the object (Gegenstand) as opposed to its alienation).
1965a.	A Platonic dialogue about man, his impulse and accommodation [in Hungarian]. Valóság. 8:8. 12-23. A Platonic dialogue between a Behaviorist, Cognitivist and Psychoanalytic psychologist. A twin article: Man, gene pool and extravagance - Re-published: Quo vadis, 232-251.
b.	Creation and programming. I-II. [in Hungarian] Világosság. 6:5. 290-294; and 6. 329-334. On the Cybernetic modellability of various mental phenomena - Re-published: Quo vadis, 183-206.
c.	Personality and society [in Hungarian]. Társadalmi Szemle. 7. 56-69. On the link between a personality theory in psychology and a radical social practice in history. A twin article: Perspectives of the psychology
1966a.	Problemes des besoins spécifiquement humains [in Hungarian]. Recherches Internationales: Psychologie. [Paris] 9. (51). 42-60. A French presentation of the hypothesis on the SHBN.
b.	Problems of the specifically human needs approached by the historical materialism. Voprosy Psikhologii. 3. 61-73. A Russian version of Th66a
1967a.	"Substantial" and "functional" need in man [in Hungarian]. Psychological Issues, X. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]. 131-137. Comparison of the object oriented and activity oriented part of the SHBN that is aimed at an objectal activity
b.	Personality dynamics and social existence [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 1. 1-34. Prepublication of a chapter of the Personality dynamics.
c.	Anthropologic assumptions of a Marxian psychology [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 5. 791-826. Prepublication of a chapter of the Personality dynamics.
1968a.	The structure of activity and that of mind [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 3. 453-485. Prepublication of a chapter of the Personality dynamics.
b.	The communicative regulation of social relation and the memory contents' emerging awareness [in Hungarian]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle. XXV:4 493-527. In this psychosocial experiment subjects recall their unconscious memory contents reflecting the background of the direct object of an activity better when they are used for regulation of another subject's activity then in cases of his own activity's auto-regulation. key words: unconscious memory contents; activity vs. social relation
c.	An outline of the SHBN's phylogenesis [in Hungarian]. Pszichológiai Tanulmányok, XI. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. 63-82. Prepublication of a chapter of the Personality dynamics.
d.	Las necesidades específicamente humanas In: A. Luria, A. Massucco Costa, R. Zazzo and B. Teplov: Problemática científica de la psicología actual. Editorial Orbelus. Buenos Aires. 63-85) A Spanish version of the Besoins spécifiquement humains.
1969	La régulation communicative de la relation sociale et le devenir conscient des contenus de mémoire. In: J. Janousek (szerk.): Experimental social psychology: Papers and reports from the International Conference on Social Psychology: Institute of Psychology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Prague, 1969. A French translation of the Memory contents' emerging awareness.
1970	On the self-reliance of a personality psychology [in Hungarian]. Psychological Issues, X. Budapest.: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]. 103-108. Mental phenomena are related not only to their object but to their subject, too. A personality psychology has to deal with the representation of the history and not of the external world. hence, the personality psychology may not be based on the same logical ground as a general psychology. (þ Th89a, Th90, Th91, Th94a, Th95a, Th96, Th97a)
1971a.	Hypothesis on the Motivation of Scientific Creativity. XIII International Congress of the History of Science. USSR, Moscow, August 18-24, 1971. "Nauka" Publishing House. M., 224-233. An invited lecture to the Congress' symposium "On the personality of the scientist in the history of science". Applying the theory presented by the Personality dynamics to the analysis of parallel discoveries of Bolyai and Lobachevsky it argues for the individual creative idea being determined by the social history even in the most abstract mathematics.
b.	Gipoteza o motivatsii nauchnogo tvorchestva. 13-y Mezhdunarodny kongress po istorii nauki. Moskva, 18-24-go avgusta 1971-go goda. Izdatelstvo "Nauka". Moscow. The Russian version of Th71a.
c.	Hipotézis a tudományos kreativitás motivációjáról. Valóság, 14:7. 27-35. The Hungarian version of Th71a.
d.	Interpretation of needs in foreign language psychology and the question of motives of a scientific activity [in Russian]. In: Iaroshevsky, M. (ed.): Problemy nauchnogo tvorchestva v sovremennoy psikhologii. M.: Nauka, 224-233. A comparison the motivation model of Neal Miller and Hull, K. Lewin and S. Freud, resp., from the aspect of their applicability to the motivation of the scientific creativity.
e.	On two formal conditions of developing systems [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle, 15. (1971). 213-215. An attempt to formalize conditions of development like the cybernetics did with those of adaptation. To the information a setting to the prehistory is paralleled and to the feedback a setting to the background.
1973a.	Strength and Weakness of Psychological Science. International Social Science Journal. 25. 447-460. The destiny of the contemporary psychological science is considered by the paper on the background of the socio-economic system's necessity of manufacturing (and not only exploiting) human (and not only material) conditions of its functioning (second modernization hypothesis). A technological application of this science (in cultivating skills) is compared to its ideological application (in cultivating attitudes). - A French version: Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales. 25. 491-504. A Hungarian version: Valóság, 16:10. 13-23.
b.	About the notion of information in the research on living systems [in Russian]. In: Filosofskie problemy biologii [Philosophical questions of biology]. Moscow: "Nauka" Publishing House. An attempt to apply in a short conference intervention the Th71e hypothesis to the problems of biological development.
1978	Does the brain theory exist? [in Hungarian]. Világosság. 19. (1978). 761-766. Comments to the controversies on the 16^th World Congress of Philosophy about mind, brain and the environment. - Re-published: Quo vadis, pp. 397-409.
1979a.	Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary (Co-authors: F. Eros, K. Jaro, M. Kocski and S. Veres). Social Science Information. 18:1. 137-166. Report on the research work of the authors' team in '70s in the Institute for Psychology of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Main arguments of a production-centered meta-theory as opposed to the both naturalistic and spiritualistic one and of a theory elaborated by that team in a Vygotskian frame of reference. key words: psychological theories; production-centered psychology; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; needs; social structures and individual positions
b.	The schizophrenia of psychology: The production principle and the possibility of a consistent psychology. In: Vereckei L. et al. (ed.): Filozófia, ember, szaktudományok [Philosophy, Man, Sciences - in Hungarian]. Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press], Budapest. 47-71. It is demonstrated how principles operating in the psychology as referred to the different aspects of the psychism exclude each other logically: the brain processes are not the images of the outer world - the perception of the outer world is an individual rather than social achievement - the psychosocial structures do not represent their own historical either antecedents or perspectives - the historically produced mental development cannot be related to any development of brain. The possibility of transcending these discrepancies by adapting the Marx' production principle is presented. key words: psychological theories; brain processes; perception of the outer world; psychosocial structures; historically produced mental development; production principle
c.	La régulation communicative de la relation sociale et le devenir conscient des contenus de mémoire. In: Prangishvili et al. (eds): The Unconscious. Vol. 3. Metsniereba. Tbilisi. 476-484. In this psychosocial experiment subjects recall their unconscious memory contents reflecting the background of the direct object of an activity better when they are used for regulation of another subject's activity then in cases of his own activity's auto-regulation. - A revised French version of the Memory contents' emerging awareness. key words: unconscious memory contents; activity vs. social relation
d.	Theses on Brain, Meaning and Dualism [in Hungarian]. Magyar Tudomány. 24. 617-627. First draft of the Psychosocial mechanism.
e.	In Memoriam Leontiev. Magyar Nemzet. 31^st January.
1980	International conference on the unconsciousness (Tbilisi, 1979) [in Hungarian]. Világosság. 21. 126-131.
1981	A stalemate of the Hungarian psychology [in Hungarian]. Kritika. 1981/3. 19-20. On the consequences of considering the psychology a natural science (Th94a)
1985	Thesis on the Brain, Meaning and Dualism. Studia Psychologica. 27. 2. 157-168. 1985. An English version of Th79d.
1987	The social philosophy of the socio-biology [in Hungarian]. Janus III.1. (Spring). 30-35.
1988a.	Activity theory and social relations' theory (co-author: M. Kocski). In: Hildebrand-Nielsohn, M. and Rückriem, G. (eds): Proceeding of the 1^st International Congress on Activity Theory. Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag System Druck, 1988. 119-129. An invited congress paper. The first version of the Th90.
b.	Two Principles in Vygotsky's Heritage: Activity and Community. In: Eros, F. and Kiss, Gy. [eds]: Seventh European CHEIRON Conference Budapest, Hungary, 4-8 September 1988. Budapest.: Hungarian Psychological Association and Institute of Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1988. 191-201. Th88a presented to another conference.
1989a	The principle of social relations and the principle of activity (co-author: M. Kocski). Soviet Psychology. 4. 50-69. An earlier English version of the item Th90. key words: Vygotsky; Leontiev's Activity Theory; social identity; social relation; thought and speech, technical vs. social performance
b.	Foundation of an economic psychology [in Hungarian]. Közgazdasági Szemle. 36:4. 450-467. Prepublication of a chapter of the monograph Foundation of an economic psychology
c.	Moscow diary, 1964 [in Hungarian]. Valóság 32:1. (1989) 70-86. A study trip to the Moscow State University. Discussions with Leontiev, Galperin and their resp. teams, with Vassily and Iury Davydov, Il΄enkov, talks with other psychologists (Anokhin, Ananiev, Miasishchev), with aestheticians and art historians (Lifshits, Stolovich, Kagan, Borev), with the great sculptor Neizvestny. Records of events of contemporary scientific, cultural, social and political life document the late Khrushchevian era. The text
1990a.	On the mental status of activity and social relation: To the question of continuity between the theories of Vygotsky and Leontiev [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski). Psykhologichesky Zhurnal, 11:5. (1990) 17-26. The paper develops the ideas presented in Th88 and Th89a about two complementary theories being given in Vygotsky's heritage. For the Activity Theory the subject is predefined; its question holds on the predicate: "What does he?' On the other hand, for a Social Categorization Theory the predicate is predefined; its question holds on the subject: "Who does it?" For the "What does he?' theory the activity of a subject aims at an object given to that activity as a problem to be solved. On the other hand, for the "Who does it?' theory a subject of the social relation is generated from an object that is given to that social relation as a territory furnishing a basis to the social categorization. Tipical "What does he?' and "Who does it?" thought and speech structures are analyzed and, thus, demonstrated that a technical thought (and speech) generated from the problem-solving activity is complemented by a social speech (and thought) generated from the territory holding social relation. key words: Vygotsky; Leontiev's activity theory; social identity; social relation; thought and speech, technical vs. social performance
b.	Victimological investigations about Marx [in Hungarian]. Világosság. 31:11. 808-813.
1991a.	Positivist and hermeneutic principles in Psychology: Activity and social categorization (co-author: M. Kocski - in Hungarian). Studies in Soviet Thought. 1. 97-110. Leontiev's Activity Theory reconsidered. Activity is analyzed from the point of view of a specifically human structure of gaining ends in spite of barriers that are surmounted by means got in spite of taboos (hypothesis in Personality dynamics; its revised version in The human potential as capital, pp. 61-68). The paper argues that an activity has its social aspect only if this latter is opposed to the technical (including socio-technical) aspect of that activity, as the taboos are opposed to the means. key words: Leontiev's activity theory; social relations; social vs. Technical aspect of activity; taboo
b.	Positivistische und hermeneutische Prinzipien in der Psychologie: Tätigkeit und gesellschaftliche Kategorisierung: Über die Frage von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zwischen Vygotskij und Leont'ev (co-author: M. Kocski). Europäische Zeitschrift für Semiotische Studien. Vol. 3 [1-2]. 1-15. A German version of the Th91a.
1992	To the question of the genesis of thinking in Leontiev's theory [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski]. In: Koltsova V. A. and Oleinik I. N. (eds): Historical way of Psychology: Past, present, future. Moscow. 1992. 113-118. The paper based on Th88, Th89a and Th91 compares the thinking with the sensation, perception and intellect as phylogenetically analyzed by Leontiev. Considers the former's human specificity in the social identification of those factors in the situation that bear potentials, on one hand, to technical solution of a problem, but being imposed a taboo by the culture, on the other. key words: thinking, Leontiev, taboo
1993	On the mechanism of psychosocial phenomena [in Hungarian]. Pszichológia. 13:2. 205-224. An attempt at the solution of dilemma: How psychosocial phenomena being of an inter-individual character may have their organ while the brain has an intra-individual character. The paper argues for mainstream considerations based exclusively on individual organism being transcended both by going beyond the individual (toward a supra-individual structure) and beyond the organism (toward an extra-organismic one). Author derives his arguments from various sources: Vygotsky school's theory of functional organs, Gibson's ecological theory of perception, ethology's empirical data about territorial behavior of populations and Szentágothai's model of organizing neuronal modules. The paper presents for the K. Popper's "World 3' a possible monistic interpretation that derives meanings from the functioning of supra-individual economic structures instead of the individual's brain structures. - Re-published: Quo vadis, pp. 410-426. key words: brain; meaning; functional organs; material organ of psychosocial phenomena; K. Popper's "World 3'
1994a.	Is the psychology a natural science? [in Hungarian] Magyar Tudomány. XXXIX:1. 1994. 62-73. The paper confronts the claims of the 1966 International Moscow Congress of Psychology about the psychology having become an experimental science in its totality (Pribram) and the declaration at the 1976 Paris Congress about the psychology being as such in crisis (Fraisse). The psychologist is included into the very interaction network he manoeuvres while studying, the paper states, and therefore the frame for an experimentation according to the positivistic methodology of natural sciences is always defined for the psychology by an interpretation according to the hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences. - A first, Hungarian version of Th95a. - Re-published: Quo vadis, pp. 434-451. Comments: Cs. Pleh, M. Feher and B. Buda. Ibidem. 74-81 key words: interpretation vs. experimentation, hermeneutic vs. Positivistic methodology, historical vs. natural sciences, Vygotsky, Leontiev
b.	The brain and the mechanism of psychosocial phenomena [in Hungarian]. Journal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 31:6. 71-91. An enlarged English version of Th93.
1995a.	Another crisis in the psychology: A possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom (co-author: M. Kocski). Journal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 33:1. 82-94. The pre-published text of the evening paper of the 3^rd Activity Theory Congress (Moscow, 1995). Deals with disintegration of the psychology to a science based on experimentation according to the positivistic methodology of natural sciences, and another one founded on interpretation according to the hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences. Considers the possibilities to reintegrate the psychology by a Vygotskian methodology that would deal with signs and tools as functioning within the same structure. The text. key words: hermeneutic vs. positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; Vygotsky, Leontiev; signs and tools
b.	Ancora una crisi nella psicologia: una possibile spiegazione per il "boom" di Vygotskij. Studi di Psicologia dell'Educazione. 1-2-3. 141-150. Paper presented to the conference "Apprendimento evolutivo e forme della conoscenza" (Rome, 1993). An earlier, Italian version of Th95a. key words: interpretation vs. experimentation; hermeneutic vs. Positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; Leontiev's activity theory
1996	Vygotskian implications: On the meaning and its brain. A keynote paper. In: Mezhdunarodnaia konferentsiia "Kul'turno-istorichesky podkhod: Razvitiie gumanitarnykh nauk I obrazovaniia". Proceedings. Rossiiskaia Akademiia obrazovaniia i Rossiisky Gosudarstvenny gumanitarny universitet. Moskva, 21-24 oktiabria 1996. No. 3. About a Vygotskian aspect of the dilemma evoked in The mechanism of psychosocial phenomena: how may superior mental phenomena be treated as functioning of both brain structures and meaning structures at the same time while these latters are of an inter-individual character. Two assumptions advanced in this paper would enable us to accept K. Popper's question without accepting his answer to it: the first, about links between operations with logical categories, meanings, on one hand, and formation of social categories, social identities, on the other; and the second, about this psychic performance being based on an extra-psychic super-structure transcending individual organism (by shifting both from the organism to a structure incorporating also environmental factors and from the individual to a supra-individual formation). The text
1997	Another crisis in the psychology: A possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski]. Voprosy Filosofii. 1997/4. 86-96. A Russian version of The Vygotsky-boom, complemented with a chapter presenting the research program and some Vygotsky-related findings of the author's teamwork (cf. Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary. Social Science Information. 18/1. 137-166). - First published in a wrong translated version: 1996/5. 63-72. The text key words: interpretation vs. experimentation; hermeneutic vs. Positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; Leontiev's activity theory
1998a.	Experiences of a psychologist about the theoretical psychology. In: P. Bodor, Cs. Pleh and G. Lanyi (eds): Önarckép háttérrel [Self-portrait with background]. Bp.: Polya Editor, 1998. 62-72. Answering to an all-round inquiry, the author's report about how he, under the influence of Leon Tolstoi, Konstantin Stanislavsky, Milan Fust, Karl Marx, Lajos Kardos, Bela Radnai and Alexei Leontiev, became psychologist and how the clan of those psychologists in power prevented him to go in for a theoretical psychology. - Pre-publications: Pszichológia, 3; pp. 312-323; In: T. Balogh and Cs. Pleh [eds]: Everyday consciousness: Ethology, philosophy, psychology. Szeged: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1997. pp. 69-79. key words: theoretical psychology, Leontiev, Kardos
b.	Vassily Davydov and vicissitudes of our theory [in Russian]. Bulletin of the International Association "Developmental Education". 5. 20-26. A commemorative paper on the occasion of the death of Vassily Davydov. About this excellent Russian scholar's civil courage during the hard years and theoretical courage to keep all the time in evidence what in psychology is not of a natural science (The Vygotsky-boom). On the difference of this accomplishment's theoretical consequences for his theory of developing instruction, on one hand, and for my theory of economic psychology, on the other.
1999a.	A Platonic dialogue on man, his gene pool and his extravagance. In: A. Kardos, S. Radnoti and M. Vajda (eds): Diotima: For the 70^th anniversary of Agnes Heller. Budapest: Osiris, 1999. 157-173. A Platonic dialogue between Scientist, Philosopher and its Socratic character, Man about whether or not the human nature is changing. Scientist considers the essence of man as determined forever by a gene pool manifesting itself in various acts without being changed by them. Philosopher argues for the essence of man being constituted by freely chosen acts that are only ideologized by "human nature". Man presents arguments against what he states to be their common point: the image of a not changing human nature. A twin article: Man, impulse and accommodation - An English version is available. key words: naturalist or spiritualist vs. production centered concept of man
b.	On the multiplied handicap of the interdisciplinary research. Magyar Tudomány. XLIV: 3. 339-346. Presents a Kurt Lewin based methodological consideration that has enabled a non-polyhistoric co-treatment of various problems that are customarily classed into the competence of either psychology, economics, Attila Jozsef study, philosophy, political science, brain study or meta-science. key words: science parceling out, interdisciplinarity

Social and historical psychology (So)

Economic and political psychology (E)

Monographs (Mo)

Theoretical and general psychology (Th)

Main publications of Laszlo Garai

Social and historical psychology. Cultural research. (S)

Monographs

Personality dynamics, The need for freedom, A psychosocial essay on identity

Papers

1962a.		The psychology of the beauty. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 4. 488-511. About a symbolic satisfaction of the need for freedom (Th62a)
b.		The psychology of the religious alienation. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle. 19. 213-221. About a fictive satisfaction of the need for freedom (Th62a)
1963		About the economic ground of the contemporary cynicisme. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 6. 1044-1075. A psycho-economic essay about the link between the structure of the capitalist market economy and the moral dealing with values
1964		Contemporary passionate love or cinicisme? Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 4. 777-791. Th62a applied to the universe of setting and loosing values in the contemporary passionate love
1968		The communicative regulation of social relation and the memory contents' emerging awareness. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle. XXV:4 493-527. In this psychosocial experiment subjects recall their unconscious memory contents reflecting the background of the direct object of an activity better when they are used for regulation of another subject's activity then in cases of his own activity's auto-regulation. key words: unconscious memory contents; activity vs. social relation
1970		On the self-reliance of a personality psychology. Psychological Issues, X. Budapest.: Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press]. 103-108. Mental phenomena are related not only to their object but to their subject, too. A personality psychology has to deal with the representation of the history and not of the external world. hence, the personality psychology may not be deduced from a general psychology. Personality dynamics (pp. 142-164), S89, S90, S91
1971a.	Hypothesis on the Motivation of Scientific Creativity. XIII International Congress of the History of Science. USSR, Moscow, August 18-24, 1971. "Nauka" Publishing House. M., 224-233. An invited lecture to the Congress' symposium "On the personality of the scientist in the history of science". Applying the theory presented by the Personality dynamics to the analysis of parallel discoveries of Bolyai and Lobachevsky it argues for the individual creative idea being determined by the social history even in the most abstract mathematics.
b.	Gipoteza o motivacii naucsnogo tvorcsesztva. 13-üj Mezsdunarodnüj kongreszsz po isztorii nauki. Moszkva, 18-24-go avguszta 1971-go goda. Izdatelsztvo "Nauka". Moszkva. The Russian version of S71a.
c.	Hipotézis a tudományos kreativitás motivációjáról. Valóság, 14:7. 27-35. The Hungarian version of S71a.
1973a.	Strength and Weakness of Psychological Science. International Social Science Journal. 25. 447-460. The destiny of the contemporary psychological science is considered by the paper on the background of the socio-economic system's necessity of manufacturing (and not only exploiting) human (and not only material) conditions of its functioning (second modernization hypothesis). A technological application of this science (in cultivating skills) is compared to its ideological application (in cultivating attitudes). - A French version: Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales. 25. 491-504. A Hungarian version: Valóság, 16:10. 13-23.
1978a.	Les Débuts de la catégorisation sociale et les manifestations verbales. Une étude longitudinale (Co-author: M. Kocski; translation et adaptation: Paul Wald). Langage et Société. 4. (1978). 3-30. Child's early phonetical, lexical and grammatical performance is analyzed as one the primary function of which is an unconscious marking of the social categorization.
b.	Social categorization and personality development (co-author: M. Kocski). Kultúra és Közösség. 3. 43-52. A paper presented to the conference dedicated to the 75^th anniversary of the Institute of Psychology of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The method presented in S78a is applied to the analysis of a transformation of technical acts adopting individual to his/her objectal world into social markers emphasizing his/her similitude vs. difference referred to other people.
c.	Introduction to the Hungarian translation of Elliot Aronson's The Social Animal (co-author: F. Eros). In: Elliot Aronson: A társas lény. Közgazdasági és Jogi Kiadó. Bp., 1978. 5-26. First draft of S86a.
d.	Marx' Social Theory and the Concept of Man in Social Psychology. (Co-author: F. Eros) Studia Psychologica. 20/1. 5-10.
e.	The scientifico-technical revolution and the culture [in Hungarian]. Valóság. 21/5. (1978). 115-117.
f.	Interview with stage directors O. N. Yefremov and Y. P. Liubimov [in Hungarian]. Valóság. 21/4. (1978). 79-88.
1979a.	Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary (Co-authors: Eros F., Jaro K., Kocski M. and Veres S.). Social Science Information. 18:1. 137-166. Report on the research work of the authors' team in '70s in the Institute for Psychology of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Main arguments of a production-centered meta-theory as opposed to the both naturalistic and spiritualistic one and of a theory elaborated by that team in a Vygotskian frame of reference. key words: psychological theories; production-centered psychology; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; needs; social structures and individual positions
b.	The schizophrenia of psychology: The production principle and the possibility of a consistent psychology. In: Vereckei L. et al. (ed.): Filozófia, ember, szaktudományok [Philosophy, Man, Sciences - in Hungarian]. Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press], Budapest. 47-71. It is demonstrated how principles operating in the psychology as referred to the different aspects of the psychism exclude each other logically: the brain processes are not the images of the outer world - the perception of the outer world is an individual rather than social achievement - the psychosocial structures do not represent their own historical either antecedents or perspectives - the historically produced mental development cannot be related to any development of brain. The possibility of transcending these discrepancies by adapting the Marx' production principle is presented. key words: psychological theories; brain processes; perception of the outer world; psychosocial structures; historically produced mental development; production principle
c.	La régulation communicative de la relation sociale et le devenir conscient des contenus de mémoire. In: Prangishvili et al. (eds): The Unconscious. Vol. 3. Metsniereba. Tbilisi. 476-484. In this psychosocial experiment subjects recall their unconscious memory contents reflecting the background of the direct object of an activity better when they are used for regulation of another subject's activity then in cases of his own activity's auto-regulation. - A French translation of S68. key words: unconscious memory contents
1980	Conversation with stage directors O. N. Yefremov and Y. P. Ljubimov on the transportability of the theater. Színház. 1980/11. 2-5.
1981	Les paradoxes de la catégorisation sociale. Recherches de Psychologie Sociale. 3. 131-141. On the auto-qualifying effect of the act of social categorization on the social category of those effectuating that act. ((r)Mo93, (r)Th76a, (r)Th86a, (r)Th88a). key words: social categorization; object-level and meta-level of the social identity definition; psychosocial paradoxes
1983	Marxian Personality Psychology. In: Harré-Lamb (eds.): The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology. Basil Blackwell Publisher. 364-366. On the psychological meta-theory deriving its assumptions from Marx' materialist philosophy of history and applied to the historical development and social relations of personality. key words: social relations of personality; historical development of personality; psychological meta-theory; Marxian theory; production-centered psychology
1984	Vers une théorie psychoéconomique de l'identité sociale. Recherches Sociologiques. 313-335. On the complementarity of socio-economic factors determining the more tolerant or the more ruthless manner of imposing valued models of social identity, and, on the other hand, psychosocial factors identifying positions in a system of distribution of means of reproduction. key words: social identity; psychosocial paradoxes; property relation
1985	Interview with Yevgeny Yevtushenko [in Hungarian]. Kritika. 11. 3-5.
1986a.	Social Identity: Cognitive Dissonance or Paradox? New Ideas in Psychology. 4:3. 311-322. On the cognitive dissonance as emerging between the social identity of persons and that of their acts. Paradoxical consequences of the two identities' double bind are analyzed: without doing A no one may pretend to the identity B and without being subjected to this law no one may pretend to the identity B either. key words: cognitive dissonance; social identity; form vs. matter; paradoxes of a psychosocial structure
b.	"Deem that thou goest, though fate driveth thee". Valóság. 29:3. (1986) 54-65. Motivation by the history of the past 25 years of the author's cognition about the motivation by the history of individual cognitions - Re-published: Quo vadis, pp. 455-479. key words: historic motivation of individual cognitions
c.	[The unconscious elaboration of the social and the historical identity] Mozgó Világ. 12:12. (1986) 74-87. On social categorization elaborating social identity and on the deformation of technically appropriate individual performances by an unconscious process making out of them markers of this categorization, on the background of the paradoxes which make social categorization either impossible or unnecessary. The theory presented is applied for understanding seeking of 20^th century generations in Hungary for their identity. key words: social identity; social categorization; performances as social categorization markers; form vs. matter; psychosocial paradoxes
d.	"You'll be laid out, in any case": The tragic paradoxes of Attila Jozsef. Világosság. 27:12. (1986) Appendix. A psychosocial case study applying the theory presented in A psychosocial essay on identity to the great Hungarian poet Attila Jozsef. Both his works, acts and diseases' symptoms are analyzed as markers of his social categorization work. This is shown as paradoxical because of his expulsion from his main reference group: the more he insisted on being similar to the other members of this group who, on their part, categorized him as different from them, the more he turned out to be different. His suicide is presented as the last marker in this paradoxical social identification. The text (in Hungarian). The English version of one of chapters. key words: Attila Jozsef; social identity; social categorization; performances as social categorization markers; psychosocial paradoxes
e.	Businesses of Mussolini. Élet és Irodalom. 25th September.
1987	The social philosophy of the socio-biology [in Hungarian]. Janus III.1. (Spring). 30-35
1988a.	Activity theory and social relations' theory (co-author: M. Kocski). In: Hildebrand-Nielsohn, M. and Rückriem, G. (eds): Proceeding of the 1^st International Congress on Activity Theory. Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag System Druck, 1988. 119-129. An invited congress paper. The first version of the S90.
b.	Two Principles in Vygotsky's Heritage: Activity and Community. In: Eros, F. and Kiss, Gy. [eds]: Seventh European CHEIRON Conference Budapest, Hungary, 4-8 September 1988. Budapest.: Hungarian Psychological Association and Institute of Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1988. 191-201. S88a presented to another conference.
c.	The paradoxes of social identity. Pszichológia. 8:2 (1988). 215-240. A chapter of the author's thesis for the Academy doctor's degree. key words: social identity; social categorization; performances as social categorization markers; form vs. matter; psychosocial paradoxes
d.	The case of Attila Jozsef: A reply to Gustav Jahoda. New Ideas in Psychology. 6:2. 213-217. A reply to G. Jahoda's comments (New Ideas in Psychology. 6:2. [1988] 211-212) on S86a.
1989a.	The principle of social relations and the principle of activity (co-author: M. Kocski). Soviet Psychology. 4. 50-69. An earlier English version of the S90. key words: Vygotsky; Leontiev's Activity Theory; social identity; social relation; thought and speech, technical vs. social performance
c.	Moscow diary, 1964. Valóság 32:1. (1989) 70-86. A study trip to the Moscow State University. Discussions with Leontiev, Galperin and their resp. teams, with Vassily and Iury Davydov, Il΄enkov, talks with other psychologists (Anokhin, Ananiev, Miasishchev), with aestheticians and art historians (Lifshits, Stolovich, Kagan, Borev), with the great sculptor Neizvestny. The late Khrushchevian era is documented by records of events of contemporary scientific, cultural, social and political life.
1990	On the mental status of activity and social relation: To the question of continuity between the theories of Vygotsky and Leontiev [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski). Psykhologichesky Zhurnal, 11:5. (1990) 17-26. The paper develops the ideas presented in S88a about two complementary theories being given in Vygotsky's heritage. For the Activity Theory the subject is predefined; its question holds on the predicate: "What does he?" On the other hand, for a Social Relation Theory the predicate is predefined; its question holds on the subject: "Who does it?" For the "What does he?' theory the activity of a subject aims at an object given to that activity as a problem to be solved. On the other hand, for the "Who does it?' theory a subject of the social relation is generated from an object given to that social relation as a territory furnishing a basis to the social categorization. Typical "What does he?' and "Who does it?" thought and speech structures are analyzed and, thus, demonstrated that a technical thought (and speech) generated from the problem-solving activity is complemented by a social speech (and thought) generated from the territory holding social relation. key words: Vygotsky; Leontiev's activity theory; social identity; social relation; thought and speech, technical vs. social performance
1991a.	Positivist and hermeneutic principles in Psychology: Activity and social categorization (co-author: M. Kocski). Studies in Soviet Thought. 1. 97-110. Leontiev's Activity Theory reconsidered. Activity is analyzed from the point of view of a specifically human structure of gaining ends in spite of barriers that are surmounted by means got in spite of taboos (hypothesis in Personality dynamics; its revised version in The human potential as capital, pp. 61-68). It is argued that an activity has its social aspect only if this latter is opposed to the technical (including socio-technical) aspect of that activity, as the taboos are opposed to the means. key words: Leontiev's activity theory; social relations; social vs. technical aspect of activity; taboo
b.	Positivistische und hermeneutische Prinzipien in der Psychologie: Tätigkeit und gesellschaftliche Kategorisierung: Über die Frage von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zwischen Vygotskij und Leont'ev (co-author: M. Kocski). Europäische Zeitschrift für Semiotische Studien. Vol. 3 [1-2]. 1-15. A German version of the S91a.
c.	[Address at the club meeting of the journal "Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle" on the contemporary craving for myth: Club Kossuth, 21st November, 1988. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, XLVII:3. (1991) 312-320. és 337-339. The myth of 20th century attributes good or bad magic force to persons the same way the myth of 19^th century attributed it to things. The contemporary craving for myth is traced back to the disappointment in a science that provided an alibi for the political practice of last decades. key words: persons vs. things, craving for myth, science and politics.
d.	[Returnings and revokings in Attila Jozsef's poetry - in Hungarian]. Élet és Irodalom. 29th November, 1991. 4.
1992a.	To the question of the genesis of thinking in Leontiev's theory [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski]. In: Koltsova V. A. and Oleinik I. N. (eds): Historical way of Psychology: Past, present, future. Moscow. 1992. 113-118. The paper based on S88a, S89 and S91a compares the thinking with the sensation, perception and intellect as phylogenetically analyzed by Leontiev. Considers the former's human specificity in the social identification of those factors in the situation that bear potentials, on one hand, to technical solution of a problem, but being imposed a taboo by the culture, on the other. key words: thinking, Leontiev, taboo
b.	[On the Rorschach test with Attila Jozsef]. In: Horváth Iván and Tverdota György [eds]: ...miért fáj ma is: Az ismeretlen Jozsef Attila. Bp.: Balassi Kiadó/KJK, 1992. 117-145.) Based upon the item S86d analysis of answers of Attila Jozsef to the first 5 tables of the Rorschach test. - Re-published: Quo vadis, 325-353. key words: Attila Jozsef; Rorschach test; social identity; performances as social categorization markers; psychosocial paradoxes
1994	Is the psychology a natural science? Magyar Tudomány. XXXIX.:1. 1994. 62-73. (Comments: Cs. Pleh, M. Feher and B. Buda. Ibidem. 74-81) The paper confronts the claims of the 1966 International Moscow Congress of Psychology about the psychology having become an experimental science in its totality (Pribram) and the declaration at the 1976 Paris Congress about the psychology being as such in crisis (Fraisse). The psychologist is included into the very interaction network he manoeuvres while studying, the paper states, and therefore the frame for an experimentation according to the positivistic methodology of natural sciences is always defined for the psychology by an interpretation according to the hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences. - A first, Hungarian version of The Vygotsky-boom - Re-published: Quo vadis, 434-451. key words: interpretation vs. experimentation, hermeneutic vs. positivistic methodology, historical vs. natural sciences, Vygotsky, Leontiev
1995a.	Another crisis in the psychology: A possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom (co-author: M. Kocski). Journal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 33:1. 82-94. The pre-published text of the evening paper of the 3rd Activity Theory Congress (Moscow, 1995). Deals with disintegration of the psychology to a science based on experimentation according to the positivistic methodology of natural sciences, and another one founded on interpretation according to the hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences. Considers the possibilities to reintegrate the psychology by a Vygotskian methodology that would deal with signs and tools as functioning within the same structure. (r) The text key words: hermeneutic vs. positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; Vygotsky, Leontiev; signs and tools
b.	Ancora una crisi nella psicologia: una possibile spiegazione per il "boom" di Vygotskij. Studi di Psicologia dell'Educazione. 1-2-3. 141-150. Paper presented to the conference "Apprendimento evolutivo e forme della conoscenza" (Rome, 1993). An earlier, Italian version of the item S95a. key words: interpretation vs. experimentation; hermeneutic vs. positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; Leontiev's activity theory
1996a.	About the link between social categorization and identity formation (co-author: M. Kocski). In.: F. Eros (ed.): Identity and difference: Essays on the identity and the prejudice. Budapest: Scientia Humana. 72-95. Deals with the social categorization elaborating the social identity and with the mostly unconscious process deviating from the technical appropriateness of individual performances when turning them into social categorization markers. A supplement to A psychosocial essay on identity. key words: form vs. matter; psychosocial paradoxes; social vs. technical
b.	Vygotskian implications: On the meaning and its brain. A keynote paper. In: Mezhdunarodnaia konferentsiia "Kul'turno-istorichesky podkhod: Razvitiie gumanitarnykh nauk i obrazovaniia". Proceedings. Rossiiskaia Akademiia obrazovaniia i Rossiisky Gosudarstvenny gumanitarny universitet. Moskva, 21-24 oktiabria 1996. No. 3. About a Vygotskian aspect of the dilemma evoked in The mechanism of psychosocial phenomena: how may superior mental phenomena be treated as functioning of both brain structures and meaning structures at the same time while these latters are of an inter-individual character. Two assumptions advanced in this paper would enable us to accept K. Popper's question without accepting his answer to it: the first, about links between operations with logical categories, meanings, on one hand, and formation of social categories, social identities, on the other; and the second, about this psychic performance being based on an extra-psychic super-structure transcending individual organism (by shifting both from the organism to a structure incorporating also environmental factors and from the individual to a supra-individual formation). The text
1997	Another crisis in the psychology: A possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom [in Russian; co-author: M. Kocski]. Voprosy Filosofii. 1997/4. 86-96. (First published in a wrong translated version: 1996/5. 63-72.) A Russian version of The Vygotsky-boom, complemented with a chapter presenting the research program and some Vygotsky-related findings of the author's teamwork (cf. Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary. Social Science Information. 18/1. 137-166). key words: interpretation vs. experimentation; hermeneutic vs. positivistic methodology; historical vs. natural sciences; psychological meta-theory; Vygotskian theory; Leontiev's activity theory
1998a.	Experiences of a psychologist about the theoretical psychology. In: P. Bodor, Cs. Pleh and G. Lanyi (eds): Önarckép háttérrel [Self-portrait with background]. Bp.: Pólya Editor, 1998. 62-72. Answering to an all-round inquiry, the author's report about how he, under the influence of Leon Tolstoi, Konstantin Stanislavsky, Milan Fust, Karl Marx, Lajos Kardos, Bela Radnai and Alexei Leontiev, became psychologist and how the clan of those psychologists in power prevented him to go in for a theoretical psychology. - Pre-publications: Pszichológia, 3; pp. 312-323; In: T. Balogh and Cs. Pleh [eds]: Everyday consciousness: Ethology, philosophy, psychology. Szeged: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1997. Pp. 69-79. key words: psychology, Leontiev, Kardos
b.	Generations in the Hungarian 20 ^th century. Kritika. 1998/3. 16-20. A psycho- historical study on the generations in the Hungarian 20^th century. How those welcoming the new century, those participating in both world wars of the century, those of 1918-1920 revolutions and counter-revolution, those subjected to the Trianon treaty, to the great crisis of 1929-1933, to the 2^nd World War, those of the Liberation boom, those of the Stalinian period, those of the 1956 Revolution, those almost overlooked by the History, those of 1968, the professional regime transformators, the first apolitical generation and that of the turn of the millenary work a six-year shift. key words: historical identity, 20th century, generations
1999a.	A dialogue on man, his gene pool and his extravagance. In: A. Kardos, S. Radnoti and M. Vajda (eds): Diotima: For the 70^th anniversary of Agnes Heller. Budapest: Osiris, 1999. 157-173. A Platonic dialogue between Scientist, Philosopher and Man about whether or not the human nature is changing. Scientist considers the essence of man as determined forever by a gene pool manifesting itself in various acts without being changed by them. Philosopher argues for the essence of man being constituted by freely chosen acts that are only ideologized by "human nature". - An English version is available. key words: naturalist or spiritualist vs. production centered concept of man
b.	On the multiplied handicap of the interdisciplinary research. Magyar Tudomány. XLIV. (1999) 3. 339-346. Presents a Kurt Lewin based methodological consideration that has enabled a non-polyhistoric co-treatment of various problems that are customarily classed into the competence of either psychology, economics, Attila Jozsef study, philosophy, political science, brain study or meta-science. (Comment: Huff Endre Béla, Magyar Tudomány. XLIV. [1999] 12. pp. 1508-1511. The text (in Hungarian) key words: science parceling out, interdisciplinarity

Economic and political psychology (E)

Monographs (Mo)

Theoretical and general psychology (Th)

Social and historical psychology (So)

Main publications of Laszlo Garai

Economic and political psychology. Human resources (E)

Monographs

Foundation of an economic psychology, Quo vadis I., Manual, Human potential as capital

Papers

1963		About the economic ground of the contemporary cynicisme. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle. 6. 1044-1075. A psycho-economic essay about the link between the structure of the capitalist market economy and the moral dealing with values.
1966a.		Problemes des besoins spécifiquement humains. Recherches Internationales: Psychologie. [Paris] 9. (51). 42-60. A French presentation of the SHBN hypothesis on the.
b.		Istoriko-materialistichesky podkhod k probleme spetsificheski-chelovecheskikh potrebnostey. Voprosy Psikhologii. 3. 61-73. A Russian version of E66a
1973a.		Strength and Weakness of Psychological Science. International Social Science Journal. 25. 447-460. The destiny of the contemporary psychological science is considered by the paper on the background of the socio-economic system's necessity of manufacturing (and not only exploiting) human (and not only material) conditions of its functioning (second modernization hypothesis). A technological application of this science (in cultivating skills) is compared to its ideological application (in cultivating attitudes). - A French version: Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales. 25. 491-504. A Hungarian version: Valóság, 16:10. 13-23.
1977		Conflict and the Economic Paradigm. Dialectics and Humanism. 2. 47-58. Class conflicts are represented at two levels simultaneously: at an object-level about the distribution of resources and at a meta-level about the rules of dealing with conflicts of object-level. The paper argues for all macro- and micro-social conflicts in the society being constructed according to this paradigm.
1984a.		Vers une théorie psychoéconomique de l'identité sociale. Recherches Sociologiques. 313-335. On the complementarity of socio-economic factors determining the more tolerant or the more ruthless manner of imposing valued models of social identity, and, on the other hand, psychosocial factors identifying positions in a system of distribution of means of reproduction. key words: social identity; psychosocial paradoxes; property relation
b.		Notes on the Hungarian opposition [in Hungarian]. Magyar Füzetek. 13. Paris, 1984. 146-154. An outline of an opportunity-oriented regime of the Kadarian 70-ies and its four divergent oppositions: a market-oriented, a Marxian, an emancipating and a Stalinist opposition.
1985		Price or social identity? Determining economic activity in a post-capitalist system. In: H. Brandstätter and E. Kirchler (eds.): Economic Psychology. Rudolf Trauner Verlag. Linz, 21-35. The first, conference paper version of the E87a.
		"Deem that thou goest, though fate driveth thee". Valóság. 29:3. (1986) 54-65. Motivation by the history of the past 25 years of the author's cognition about the motivation by the history of individual cognitions - Re-published: Quo vadis, pp. 455-479. key words: historic motivation of individual cognitions
1987a		Determining economic activity in a post-capitalist system. Journal of Economic Psychology. 8. 77-90. Contends that the main tendency of (both planned and market) post-capitalist system is considered to be the production of personal (and not only material) conditions of functioning of that system. That includes not only production of technical disposition to master things but also that of social disposition to master (or, at least, be superior to) other persons. These are as important organizing factors for an economic system producing its personal conditions as are value in use and value in exchange for the one producing its material conditions. Typical cases are cited when the economic activity is not determined by the price of the item produced by it, but, rather, by the social identity of the person producing it. key words: price; manufacturing human resources; post-capitalist system; market vs. planned economy; totalitarian state
b.		To the psychology of economic rationality. In: Understanding economic behavior. 12th Annual Colloquium of IAREP, the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. Handelhoejskolen I Aarhus. Vol. I. 29-41. Argues for the impossibility of deriving rationality criteria from substantionally given human needs. Instead, it proposes a Lewin-type formal approach to the structure of human activity whose ends, whatever they are, become quasi-need and determine the value of other objects becoming means or barriers, depending on their position in that field. For the specifically human activity taking into consideration a further factor structuring the field is proposed: taboos. Thus, the formal rationality criterion is: gaining ends in spite of barriers that are surmounted by means got in spite of taboos. key words: specifically human basic need; Homo oeconomicus; rationality criteria; Lewin-type formal approach; quasi-need; taboo
1988a.		On the trail of the nature of the social crisis. Tervgazdasági Fórum. 4:3. (1988) 61-69. Based on E87a analysis of the actual Hungarian economic and ethic crisis. Argues that it is not the social structure of bureaucracy but that of nomenklatura that mediates between economic and ethic factors. key words: economic and ethic crisis; bureaucracy vs. nomenklatura
b.		"The lack of trust costs expensive": An interview. HVG. 29th October.
1989a.		Foundation of an economic psychology. In: T. Tyszka and P. Gasparsky [eds]: Homo oeconomicus: Presuppositions & Facts. Proceedings of the 14th IAREP Annual Colloquium. International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. September 24-27, 1989. Kazimierz Dolny, Poland. 333-346) Claims that the "human nature" in various socio-economic systems is different: 1. In a strict market economy it is close to the one described by the notion of "homo oeconomicus" and scientifically investigated by a behaviorist psychology: in any choice situation the individual chooses what s/he has preferred the most. 2. In an economic system shifting from the strict market toward a mixed economy the agents' "nature" comes much closer to what the cognitivistic psychology considers as such: the individual starts to prefer what s/he has previously chosen. 3. In a strictly planned economy the human content expressed by the economic behavior corresponds to the description by the psychoanalysis: individuals instead of consciously making choices unconsciously consent to being chosen by a supra-individual system that is hold by the "father" but interiorized by the super-ego of the "sons". 4. Finally, for an economic system that is shifting from this strict planning toward a mixed economy instead of agents' "nature" we have their "culture" described by the social psychology: there turns out not to be any valid possibility of establishing an order of preference among them. key words: psychological theories; choices; social identity; market vs. planned economy
b.		[Why the bureaucratic control over economy is not that rational?]. Valóság. 32:10. (1989). 10-17. While production of material resources is determined only by technical attributes of both producing and produced factors, effects of production by a modern socio-economic system of its personal resources depends on those factors social relations as well. Bureaucracy is considered as a power of mastering the production of personal resources through the institutionalization of these relations. - An English version is available. key words: bureaucracy; manufacturing human resources; social vs. technical; form vs. matter
c.		Moscow diary, 1964. Valóság 32:1. 70-86. A study trip to the Moscow State University. Discussions with Leontiev, Galperin and their resp. teams, with Vassily and Iury Davydov, Il'enkov, talks with other psychologists (Anokhin, Ananiev, Miasishchev), with aestheticians and art historians (Lifshits, Stolovich, Kagan, Borev), with the great sculptor Neizvestny. The late Khrushchevian era is documented by records of events of contemporary scientific, cultural, social and political life.
d.		Bolsheviks against intellectuals [in Hungarian]. 168 óra. 3rd October.
1990a.		The psychology of unemployment [in Hungarian]. Népszabadság. 10^th February.
b.		A Boomerang-effect: to the political psychology of elections [in Hungarian]. Népszabadság. 31st March.
c.		[Intervention to the conference on the capacity of social sciences to forecast radical changes in Soviet type societies of Eastern and Central Europe [in Hungarian]. Népszabadság. December 22^nd. p. 27
1991a.		About the political system's shift in Hungary: Considerations of a social psychologist [in Russian]. Vengersky Meridian. 91/1. pp. 69-79. The political system's shift is argued to be the work of three generations (that of 50's, 60's and 80's) of communist-reformers disillusioned by their conclusion on the Soviet type societies being totally impossible to be reformed. The system that has been dismantled is presented as a political superstructure of a post-capitalist system analyzed in Foundation of an economic psychology, Economic activity in a post-capitalist system, Bureaucratic control over economy. key words: three generations (that of 50's, 60's and 80's) of disillusioned communist-reformers; post-capitalist system
b.		The Bureaucratic State Governed by an Illegal Movement: Soviet-Type societies and Bolshevik-Type Parties. Political Psychology. 10:1. 165-179. (A larger Hungarian version: Mozgó Világ. 15:3. 45-55.) Soviet type societies evolve the universe of their ideological appearances in relation not to matter as in a capitalist society (according to Marx: reification) but to persons. Traditional Marxian criticism of such an ideology claims persons in Soviet type societies to be but personifications of positions in a bureaucratic structure. The paper argues that the organizing principle of these societies is not bureaucracy but charisma originated from 20^th century's radical anti-bureaucratic mass movements. The social power that is set not to the positions persons occupy but to persons directly gets provided in those societies' structures not only to a charismatic leader but to the whole headquarter, the whole party as a van of the revolutionary movement and even the whole revolutionary movement. The paper analyzes the paradoxical structure of that collective charisma: the person gets (and loses) his glamour that is independent from his office by being invested with (and, resp., dismissed from) it just like with (from) an office. Democratic centralism is described as the principle of such a paradoxical organization where the "Centrum" gets its social power by being put in its charisma by a "Demos" being put in its one by that social power. The connection of such a paradoxical structure with the mass-production of social relations is analyzed. key words: Bolshevik-type structures; bureaucracy vs. charisma; social psychology of democratic centralism; nomination to the social power that is independent from nomination; form vs. matter
c.		[Address at the club meeting of the journal "Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle" on the contemporary craving for myth: Club Kossuth, 21^st November, 1988. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, XLVII:3. (1991) 312-320. és 337-339. The myth of 20^th century attributes good or bad magic force to persons the same way the myth of 19^th century attributed it to things. The contemporary craving for myth is traced back to the disappointment in a science that provided an alibi for the political practice of last decades. key words: persons vs. things, craving for myth, science and politics.
d.		[Roy Medvediev. Magyar Nemzet. March 26^th. 7.
e.		[Let's turn brain drain into a well-established intellectual exportation. Népszabadság. April 6^th. 17-18.
f.		The massification of the élite. Magyar Nemzet. 9^th May. 6.
g.		[On Tibor Scitovsky's Joyless Economy]. Élet és Irodalom. 10^th May. 10.
h.		About the inequality of equalities. Élet és Irodalom. 12^th July. 3. 39.
i.		[For teaching economic psychology]. Magyar Nemzet. 23^rd July. 9.
j.		[A critical view of the economic psychology on the planned changes in the Hungarian tax system]. Népszabadság. 28^th September. 21.
k.		[Conditions of the democracy in Hungary]. Népszabadság. 8^th November. 8.
l.		[On the unemployment ]. Magyar Hírlap. 2^nd December.
1992a		Unemployment or direct national status of manpower? Gazdaság. Special issue. (1992) [Accommodation pressure in a crisis situation: Papers of 29^th Hungarian Economist Congress] 177-182. The unemployment results in a loss of social identity and this loss disintegrates qualified human potential. For highly qualified manpower the financial deficit arising out of it is higher that would cost the protection of substance by administrating the manpower as belonging not to the staff to be reduced but directly to a national status. key words: social identity, unemployment, human investment
b.		Towards an economic psychology of consumption. Trends in world economy, 70. Consumption and development: economic, social and technical aspects. 35-43. The paper argues for the main motive of the purchase being not of biologic - Referred to need satisfaction) but of social (signifying social identity) character. This latter represents not only ends for the purchase but means as well that legitimates, together with the payment, the claim for an article, and especially on a seller's market. key words: need satisfaction; social identity; prestige consumption; buyer's vs. seller's market
c.		Quo vadis, tovarish? Dissenting on the way to the modernization. Beszélô. 18^th January. 36-37.
d.		Psychological comments on László Rajk's absurd drama. Népszabadság. 18^th March. 10.
e.		[On the human /allegedly unproductive/ investment. Magyar Hírlap. 16th May. 7.
1993a		Pszichoekonomicseszkaja szisztyema bolsevisztszkogo tyipa. PolIsz.1. 72-76. (A larger Hungarian version: Valóság. 34:10. [1991] 50-61.) The paper proceeds with the research presented by items Post-capitalist economic activity and Foundation of an economic psychology about the production of human and not only material conditions of a post-capitalist socio-economic system's functioning and deals with that human condition which is represented by the mind of either competition or monopoly, a perfect (i. e., not disturbed by any monopoly) competition being as important a condition for a market economic system as is a perfect (i.e., not disturbed by any competition) monopoly for a planned economic system. This kind of human conditions is analyzed not as an attribute given in individuals but a relation present between them. Paradoxical consequences of such a feature are analysed in the Bolshevik-type psychoeconomic structures as compared with the fascist or national socialist type totalitarian formations. - An English translation is available.
b.		Ethics and economy. Magyar Tudomány. XXXVIII.:8. (1993) 967-971. The paper presented to a colloquium joint to the general assembly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences argues for the ethical relations (e. g., that of equality vs unequality) becoming during the second modernization a direct economic factor. key words: social relations, equality, economic psychology
c.	A leaflet for a mercantile management of man. Mozgó világ. 12. 72-80. (Comments: Laszlo Antal. Ibidem. 81-86). During the second modernizaton the human investment is as productive as the material one. Besides the calculation of input and output in financial terms under the conditions of an information management (as compared with the mass and energy management) also the exclusivity of those from and to whom the information is sent is to be reckoned with. key words: human resources, second modernization, information management, social identity, economic psychology
d.	[Address of László Garai on the occasion of the diner introducing his monograph on social identity – [in Hungarian]. Magyar Hírlap. 1993. február 6. Ahogy tetszik. III.
d.		The transfiguration of the Nomenklatura [in Hungarian]. Népszabadság. 12th March, 1993. 18.
e.		[An interview with László Garai about his life in science and in politics. Köztársaság. 14th May, 1993. 5. and 52-56.
f.		Let's reckon with human! [in Hungarian] Népszabadság. 16th June, 1993. 14.
g.		The newly rich and the newly poor [in Hungarian]. 168 óra. 14th September, 1993. 19.
h.		Venture an economic psychology [in Hungarian]. Cégvezetés. 1993/1. 100-101.
i.		[About the arrogance of non-answering letters - [in Hungarian]. Magyar Hírlap. 9th December, 1993. 7.
1994		The second modernization: Human conditions of economic growth. Közgazdasági Szemle. XLII/6. 1995. 606-618. During a second modernization period a growing part of material resources is employed for producing human resources. The investment in human capital brings in a profit differently depending on whether the investor is the interested person or the state. The paper investigates about consequences of an early privatization (in the mid-sixties) of the human capital and charging people with the expenses of the human investment. (The text [in Hungarian]; A conference paper in English) key words: human investment; information management; second modernization; social vs. technical
1995		How to identify each other and ourselves in the world of politics? Politikatudományi Szemle. 1995/1. 106-113. Ethnic and other bio-political dimensions are no more reliable ground for dealing with social identity then any other dimension of social relations, identity being defined by their form and not matter. Hence, the paper argues for applying in political world political and not, e. g., ethnic criteria. key words: social identity, social categorization, political psychology
1996a		The second modernization and Hungary. Kritika. 96/1. 17-19. May human capital be nationalized and privatized? key words: human investment; second modernization; social vs. technical; property relations
b.		The human capital: The outlook of an economic psychology. Pénzügyi Szemle. 1996/11. 849-860. (A conference paper version: Human capital: How the economic psychology got needed? In: New paths in teaching economy, business and social sciences: Jubilee Conference of the Budapest Economic University, 1995. Bp, 1996. 402-406. ) During a second modernization period the human investment gets as profitable as the material one. The paper applies methods of the economic psychology to the investigations about the peculiarities of the human capital resulting in a possible separation of the output from the input, and analyses negative consequences of a "free riding". Argues that the only remedy for these consequences is State investment instead of either household or enterprise investment in the human capital. The brain drain is considered as a "free riding" that got raised to the second power: it takes place between States who, whether losers or winners, are motivated to reduce their human investments. An idea is presented for enabling the transformation of the brain drain into a normal exportation. key words: human investment; second modernization; relations vs. attributes; economic psychology; brain-drain
1998a		The price of excellence. Közgazdasági Szemle. 3. 280-297. The more is one's social identity distinguished and the more is his/her chance to get for a precise price an economic benefit (access to a scarce resource or a favorable transaction). Both the payment and an outstanding social status are required for an economic chance. The paper deals with a calculation device for converting values of these mediating factors into each other: the exclusivity measure. This device for calculating exclusivity values is presented by the paper in its application for optimizing the human resources management. An English version is available. key words: social identity, exclusivity, social status, price
b.		Theses on the second modernization, the human capital and the socialism. Eszmélet. 40. 128-135. (First, shorter draft: Theses on the human capital. Fizikai Szemle. 1997/2. 72-74. English version). During a second modernization together with material resources also human resources get manufactured. Since an increasing part of the formers gets expended for the manufacturing of these latters, a triple question turns out to be put: a., who should be the investor into the human capital, b., who profits from the human investment and c., who is its owner having its disposal. A thesislike recapitulation of what has been stated in various items listed in The second modernization key words: second modernization, manufacturing human resources, human capital
c.		Vassily Davydov and vicissitudes of our theory [in Russian]. Bulletin of the International Association "Developmental Education" . 5. 20-26. A commemorative paper on the occasion of the death of Vassily Davydov. About this excellent Russian scholar's civil courage during the hard years and theoretical courage to keep all the time in evidence what in psychology is not of a natural science (The Vygotsky-boom). On the difference of this accomplishment's theoretical consequences for his theory of developing instruction, on one hand, and for my theory of economic psychology, on the other.
1999a		The price of excellence. Inquiries into the Nature and Causes of Behavior. Proceedings of the XXIV. Annual Colloquium of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. 750-759. Transformed into a conference paper English version of G98a. The text

b		Challenging the market partner. Kritika. 11. 28-30. The paper evokes the arguments of J. Hayek and T. Liska about the communication being a useless and even obstructive factor of economic transactions. It holds true only in respect of communicating informations, the paper argues, while in economic transactions it gets included mainly for defining and redefining potential partners' social identity.
2001		Nomenklaturisme: The Bolshevik-type version of the second modernization. Thalassa. 12:1. 73–117 The paper argues that the organizing principle of the Bolshevik-type societies is not only bureaucracy setting social power to the office a person incidentally occupies but also charisma that sets it directly to the person. Only in the charisma that is dealt with is originated from the history of 20th century's radical antibureaucratic (illegitime) mass movements providing not only a leader but the whole headquarter and even the Party as an avangarde with a social power that is set not to the office but directly to the holder of that power. The person shares in that collective charisma in a rather paradoxical way: s/he gets his spell that is independent from any nomination to an office by being nominated to that charisma just like to an office. Paradoxical character of belonging to a Bolshevik type Party is analyzed, and so are other paradoxical features of a bueaucratic State guided by an illegitime Party: joining in the Nomenklatura the status of the official and that of the commissary, running a self-establishing machinery of the democratic centralism etc. These structures are claimed by the paper to be psycho-economic devices for keeping in operation a peculiar processing industry whose final mass-product is the human potential turned into economic resource and dealing with the basic dilemma of this human economy: the more highly qualified human potential is involved the larger and larger amount of capital is required for its manufacturing — and, at the same time, the larger and larger autonomy is required for that human potential's running.