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László GARAI
Hungarian s= cholar of theoretical, social and economic psychology
doctor of H= ungarian Academy of Sciences
founding professor and the= first head of Doctoral school in economics
University = of Szeged, Hungary
founding pr= ofessor of the European = Department of Economic Psychology
Contents |
Graduated
from the Faculty of Arts of Budapest University philosophy and psychology (1959); Academy candidate's
thesis (1968), on the specifically human basic nee=
d [1]. Academy doctor's thesis (1988), on the social ident=
ity
and paradoxes of its psychic elaboration [2].
After
teaching theoretical psychology at Moscow State
University. (1969), social psychology at&nb=
sp;Nice University (from 1981 o=
n),and
economic psychology at California State University=
, Bakersfield and San Bernardino (1990) -- Dr Garai
returned to Hungary where he founded the Department of Economic Psychology =
at
the University of Szeged (formerly: Attila Jozsef Univ.), was head of that =
dept
(from 1997-2000) and prof. of economic psychology (from 1994-2005).
Laszlo
Garai started his career as editor at the Encyclopaedia Department of Hung.
Academic Press (1959-1961). After finishing his PhD studies (1961-1964) whe=
re
he begin a research about the specifically h=
uman
needs; he finished this research as a fellow of the
Institute for Philosophy of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1964-1971).
Invited (as a Keldysh grant winner) to the Department of scientific
discoveries’ psychology in the Instit=
ute
for History of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Soviet Academy of
Sciences (Moscow, 1969-1970)). In the Institute for Psychology of the Hunga=
rian
Academy of Sciences dr. Garai founded (in 1970) a research department that
became the first in Hungary research team of econo=
mic
psychology and a center of Vygotskian theoretical
research [3=
]. Head of that department (1971-79) and research advi=
sor
(1998-2002). He worked at the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie
Sociale (Paris, 1971, 1973 and 1977) and directed psycho-economic research
supported by the National Scientific Research Foundation (1990-2005). He wa=
s a
member of the Advisory board of the (Hungarian) Ministry of Finance (1991-1=
994).
According
to a hypothesis of Garai's, a paradoxical need for a needfree activity is specific for humans and ba=
sic
for their other needs. The structure of the hypothesized need is isomorphic
with that of thework consi=
dered
as a "specifically human basic activity" and defined as that of
arranging in one and the same structure ends and mean=
s[4]".
The hypothesis is based on the activity theory of =
Alexei
Leontiev[5].
1.
^ Persona=
lity
dynamics and social existence, Academic Press
2.&n= bsp; ^ A psychosocial essay on identity, Central Hungarian Library
3.&n= bsp; ^ "To= ol and Sign" Vygotskian Research Network
4.
^ Persona=
lity
dynamics and social existence; Budapest: Academic Press, 1969. On the b=
ook
published in Hungarian see a detailed and well-documented English review of=
F.
Eros: "Personality dynamics and
social existence, by L. Garai". European Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 4 Issue 3, pp.
369-379.
5.
^ L. Garai, F. Eros, K. Jaro, M. Kocski and S. Ve=
res:
"Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current
Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary." Social Science Information, 1=
979.
18:1. pp. 137-166.
Theoret=
ical
and general psychology:
* Vygotsky
and the Vygotskians: A cure of the split
psychology
=
* Marx' economico-philosophical anthropology and=
a
psychological meta-theory
*=
Paradoxical
psycho-social configurations
* Specifically
Human Basic Need (SHBN): Need for a needfree
activity;
Personality dynamics and social existence [In Hungarian]; Budapest: Academic Pre=
ss,
1969.
A hypothesis on the specifically human b= asic need (SHBN about a structure that is isomorphic with a specifically human basic activity: the work as an activity of arranging in a structure ends and m= eans and transferring that structure to various parts of its universe. The hypothesis is based on the Leontievian activity theory completed by a criti= cal chapter about what is omitted from the Leontievian interpretation of Vygots= ky ("Social relation: Self-evidence or probleme?").
Positivist and hermeneutic principles in Psychol= ogy: Activity and social categorization (co-author: M. Kocski). Studies in Soviet Thought. 1991/1. 97-110.
About two complementary theories (a "What d= oes he?" type theory and a "Who does it?: type theory) being given in Vygotsky's heritage. The psychology gets disintegrated onto two hemi-scienc= es: one applying the positivistic methodology of natural sciences (experimentation) and another one = that applies a "hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences" (interpretation). A Vygotskian methodology provides the possibility to rein= tegrate the psychology by dealing with "signs" and "tools" with= in the same structure)
The brain and the mechanism of psychosocial phenomena. Journal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 31:6. 1994. 71= -91.
Vygotskian implication= s: On the meaning and= its brain.
A keynote paper at a conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of L. Vygotsky. Moscow, 1996. A Russian versio= n
Another crisis in the psychology: A possible motive for the Vygotsky-boom (co-author: M. Kocski). Jour= nal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 33:1. 82-94.
The invited lecture of the 3rd Activity Theory Congress (Moscow, 1995). Deals with disintegration of the psychology to a science based on experimentation according to the positivistic methodology = of natural sciences, and another one founded on interpretation according to the hermeneutic methodology of historical sciences. Considers the possibilities= to reintegrate the psychology by a Vygotskian methodology that would deal with signs and tools as functioning within the same structure.
Social and
historical psychology::
*=
Social
identity, social categorization
* Ethical
mediator and transaction cost modif=
ier
* Psychosocial
case study on the Hungarian poet Atti=
la
Jozsef
Vers une théorie psychoéconomique = de l'identité sociale. Recherches Sociologiques. 1984. 313-335.
On the complementarity of socio-economic factors determining the more tolerant or the more ruthless manner of imposing valued models of social identity, and, on the other hand, psychosocial factors identifying positions in a system of distribution of means of reproduction.=
Social Identity: Cognitive Dissonance or Paradox? New Ideas in Psychology. 4:3. 311-322.
On the cognitive dissonance as emerging between = the social identity of persons and that of their acts. Paradoxical consequences= of the two identities' double bind are analyzed: without doing A no one may pretend to the identity B and without being subjected to this law no one may pretend to the identity B either.
A psychosocial essay on identity (in Hungarian). Budapest: T-Twins, 1993. 231 p.
Deals with social categorization elaborating soc= ial identity and with the deformation of technically appropriate individual performances by an unconscious process making out of them markers of this categorization on the background of the paradoxes which make social categorization either impossible or unnecessary. Applies the presented psychosocial theory for a case study of the great Hungarian poet Attila József who's both works, acts and diseases' symptoms including his suicide are analyzed as markers of his social categorization on the backgro= und of the paradoxes of his expulsion from his main reference group.
Economic =
and
political psychology::
* Social identity as transaction
cost modifier
* Human
resources, human capital
* Bolshevik-type
constructions for the second modernizati=
on
The stre= ngth and weakness of psychological science. International Social Science Jou= rnal (published by UNESCO). 1973. 447-460.
Determining economic activity in a post-capitali= st system. Journal of Economic Psychology. 1987. 77-90.
Contends that the main tendency of (both planned= and market) post-capitalist system is considered to be the production of person= al (and not only material) conditions of functioning of that system. That incl= udes not only production of technical disposition to master things but also that= of social disposition to master (or, at least, be superior to) other persons. These are as important organizing factors for an economic system producing = its personal conditions as are value in use and value in exchange for the one producing its material conditions. Typical cases are cited when the economic activity is not determined by the price of the item produced by it, but, rather, by the social identity of the person producing it.
To the psychology of economic rationality. In: Understanding economic behavior. 12th Annual Colloquium of IAREP, the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. Handelhoejsk= olen I Aarhus. 1987. Vol. I. 29-41.
Argues for the impossibility of deriving rationa= lity criteria from substantially given human needs. Instead, it proposes a Lewin-type formal approach to the structure of human activity whose ends, whatever they are, become quasi-need and determine the value of other objec= ts becoming means or barriers, depending on their position in that field. For = the specifically human activity taking into consideration a further factor structuring the field is proposed: taboos. Thus, the formal rationality criterion is: gaining ends in spite ofbarriers that are surmounted by means = got in spite of taboos.
The Bureaucratic S= tate Governed by an Illegal Movement: Soviet-Type societies and Bolshevik-Ty= pe Parties. Political Psychology. 10:1. 1991. 165-179.
Soviet type societies evolve the universe of the= ir ideological appearances in relation not to matter as in a capitalist society (according to Marx: reification) but to persons= b>. Traditional Marxian criticism of such an ideology claims persons in Soviet = type societies to be but personifications of positions in a bureaucratic structu= re. The paper argues that the organizing principle of these societies is not&nb= sp;bureaucracy but charisma originated from 20th century's radical anti-bureaucratic mass movements. The social power that is set not to the positions persons occupy but to persons directly gets provid= ed in those societies' structures not only to a charismatic leader but to the whole headquarter, the whole party as a van of the revolutionary movement a= nd even the whole revolutionary movement. The paper analyzes the paradoxical structure of that collective charisma: the person gets (and loses) his glam= our that is independent from his office by being invested with (and, resp., dismissed from) it just like with (from) an office. Democratic centralism is described as the principle of such a paradoxical organization where the "Centrum" gets its social power by being put in its charisma by a "Demos" being put in its one by that social power. The connection= of such a paradoxical structure with the mass-production of social relations is analyzed.
The paradoxes of t= he Bolshevik-type psycho-social structure in economy
The keynote paper opening the international conference of the Gorbachev Foundation (Moscow, 1993) “Origins of the persistence of Bolshevik-type totalitarian structures”
Identity Economics: An Alternative Economic Psychology. Tas Editor, 2006. 294 pp. [In Hungarian]:
A theory about a second modernization that has imposed upon the socio-econo= mic system the necessity of manufacturing (and not only exploiting) human (and = not only material) conditions of its functioning, about these manufactured conditions analyzed in terms of human capital. The theory makes a distincti= on between two kinds of psychologic phenomena turned into economic factors:&nb= sp;technical dispositions of mastering t= hings' attributes and social dispositions of mastering persons' relations. It states that unlike the material production depending only on technical attributes of both producing and produced factors, the modern human production is determined also by the factors' social relations. These are conceptualized in terms of the economic agents' social identity&n= bsp;that is considered as the main psychological mediator of economic processes: it determines who from among the agents of an economic activity turn out to be its principals.
· Lev Vygotsky Archive<= /p>
· Journal of Rus= sian and East European Psychology
·
Nobel-prize
lecture on macro-economic psychology